Systems engineering principles and practices kossiakoff

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND
PRACTICE

WILEY SERIES IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Andrew P. Sage, Editor

Alexander Kossiakoff
William N. Sweet
Samuel J. Seymour
Steven M. Biemer

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION

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TA168.K68 2010
620.001′171–dc22
2010036856

Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS

vii

viii CONTENTS

3.4 The System Environment 51

3.5 Interfaces and Interactions 58

4 THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 69

4.1 Systems Engineering through the System Life Cycle 69

4.6 Summary 106

Problems 108

5.3 SEMP 117

5.4 Risk Management 120

PART II CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT STAGE 137

6 NEEDS ANALYSIS 139

CONTENTS ix

6.5 Needs Validation 155

7 CONCEPT EXPLORATION 165

7.1 Developing the System Requirements 165

7.6 Summary 191

Problems 193

8.3 Functional Analysis and Formulation 206

8.4 Functional Allocation 212

8.9 System Modeling Languages: Unifi ed Modeling Language

(UML) and Systems Modeling Language (SysML) 228

Further Reading 252

9 DECISION ANALYSIS AND SUPPORT 255

x CONTENTS

9.5 Trade-Off Analysis 282

Further Reading 312

PART III ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT STAGE 315

10.4 Prototype Development as a Risk Mitigation Technique 333

10.5 Development Testing 340

11 SOFTWARE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 355

11.1 Coping with Complexity and Abstraction 356

11.6 Software Integration and Test 393

11.7 Software Engineering Management 396

12.1 Implementing the System Building Blocks 409

12.2 Requirements Analysis 414

12.6 CM 436

12.7 Summary 439

13.2 Test Planning and Preparation 450

13.3 System Integration 455

Further Reading 478

PART IV POSTDEVELOPMENT STAGE 481

14.4 Production Operations 492

14.5 Acquiring a Production Knowledge Base 497

15.1 Installing, Maintaining, and Upgrading the System 505

15.2 Installation and Test 507

Problems 523

Further Reading 524

4.10 ISO - 15288 Systems engineering process 92

4.11 Systems engineering method top - level fl ow diagram 92

5.3 Variation of program risk and effort throughout system development 121

5.4 Example of a risk mitigation waterfall chart 122

6.4 Example objectives tree for an automobile 151

6.5 Analysis pyramid 156

7.5 Hierarchy of scenarios 177

7.6 Function category versus functional media 181

8.5 Traditional view of architecture 223

8.6 DODAF version 2.0 viewpoints 227

8.11 Example of a class association 235

8.12 Example of a class generalization association 236

8.17 SysML block associations 241

8.18a SysML functional hierarchy tree 242

9.2 Traditional hierarchical block diagram 265

9.3 Context diagram of a passenger aircraft 266

9.7 Virtual reality simulation 280

9.8 Candidate utility functions 289

9.13 AHP results 301

9.14 Decision tree example 302

9.19 Example of cost - effectiveness integration 305

9.20 QFD house of quality 307

11.2 Software hierarchy 359

11.3 Notional 3 - tier architecture 359

11.8 User needs, software requirements and specifi cations 376

11.9 Software generation process 376

12.1 Engineering design phase in system life cycle 410

12.2 Engineering design phase in relation to integration and evaluation 411

13.4 System element test confi guration 456

13.5 Subsystems test confi guration 459

14.2 Production phase overlap with adjacent phases 485

LIST OF TABLES

11.4 Systems Engineering Life Cycle and the Waterfall Model 368

11.5 Commonly Used Computer Languages 387

11.10 Maturity Levels 399

12.1 Status of System Materialization at the Engineering Design Phase 412

13.3 Parallels between System Development and Test and Evaluation

(T & E) Planning 451