Signal transduction pathways juxtacrine signaling

382Index

Sensory ganglia, 67, 293
Sensory innervation, 94, 273
Sensory relay nuclei, 300
Septum secundum, 172
Septum spurium, 170
Serotonin, 55
Serous membranes, 86, 88
Sertoli cells, 24
Serum response factor (SRF), 149
Sex chromosomes, 11
Sex glands, sexual differentiation, 248 Sexual cycles, 29
Shprintzen syndrome, 271b
Signal transduction pathways
juxtacrine signaling, 7
paracrine signaling, 6–7
Signaling
cell, 6–7
juxtacrine, 7
paracrine, 6–7
Silencers, 4
Sine occulis homeobox 3 (SIX3), 310b Sinuatrial node, 185
Sinuatrial orifi ce, 170
Sinus venarum, 170, 174
Sinus venosus, 170, 170, 171
Sinusoids, 45, 45
Sirenomelia, 57b, 58
Situs inversus, 57b, 169b
Skeletal dysplasia, 139b–140b, 139t
Skeletal muscles
head, 148
innervation of, 146–147
limb, 148
molecular regulation, 148
origins of, 148t
patterning of, 148
striated, 145
and tendons, 148
Skeletal structures of, 260
Skin
keratinization of, 341
layers of, 339
Skull
development of
neurocranium, 135, 135
newborn, 135, 135–136
viscerocranium, 136, 136–137
Small for gestational age (SGA), 100b Smith-Lemli-Optiz syndrome, 310b Smoking, 123
Smooth muscle, 149
Solvents, 120t
Somatic efferent, 299
Somatic nuclear transfer, 39b
Somatomammotropin, 107
Somatopleure, 87
Somites
development, 146
development of, 133, 133
differentiation, 72–73
formation, 72
molecular regulation, 73
skeletal muscles, 145, 146
Somitomeres, 70, 133, 145
Sonic hedgehog (SHH), 55, 155, 209 eye development, 334
somite differentiation, 73
tooth development, 285

Thyroid
abnormalities of, 274b
formation of, 270, 270
Thyroxine, 274
Time of birth, 99
Tongue, 273–274
Tongue-tie, 273b
Tonsillar fossa, 267
Tooth abnormalities, 285b
Toxoplasmosis, 120t, 121
Trabeculated atrial appendage, 174
Trachea, 203–205, 204
Tracheoesophageal fi stulas (TEFs), 202b–203b, 212, 212b
Tracheoesophageal septum, 212, 212b
Transcription factors, 4, 4
Transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), 52, 54 follistatin, 63
neural induction, 63
Transient dendrite, 290
Translocations, 14b
Transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors, 138b Transplantation
stem cell, 128
Transposition of great vessels, 182b, 184
Transversalis fascia, 258
Transverse limb defi ciencies, 160b, 161
Transverse pericardial sinus, 164
Transverse processes, 142
Treacher Collins syndrome, 271b
Treacle, 271b
Tricuspid atresia, 177b, 178
Tricuspid valve, 175
Trigeminal nerves, 300
Triiodothyronine, 274
Trilaminar germ disc, 51–62. See also Gastrulation Trimethadione, 120t, 122
Triple X syndrome, 17b–18b
Trisomy, 13b
13, 15b, 17, 17b
18, 15b, 17
21 (see Down syndrome)
Trochlear nerves, 302
Trophoblast, 37, 38
Truncus arteriosus, 179, 181
persistent, 182b, 183
Truncus swellings, 179
Tubal pregnancy, 49
Tubotympanic recess, 266, 324
Tumors
renal, 237b–238b
Wilms’, 237b
Tunica albuginea, 244
Tunica vaginalis, 257–258
Turner syndrome, 17b, 18, 256b
22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 271b
22q11 syndrome, 19b
Twins
conjoined, 113b, 114
dizygotic, 110, 111
fetal membranes in, 110, 111, 112
monozygotic, 110, 112, 112
Twin–twin transfusion syndrome, 113b
Tympanic antrum, 325
Tympanic cavity, 324, 324
Tympanic membrane, 325, 326
Tyrosine kinase receptor, 318b
Tyrosine kinase signaling, 77