Scale variables (used normality test, histograms, descriptive, frequency tables)
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Is there a significant difference in knowledge between on-site and off-site workers before they take the training? (used independent samples T-test) 21
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The P-values are all greater than 0.05, hence we cannot reject the Null hypotheis (misspelled) correct (hypothesis) at 95% confidence levels.
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Step 5: Retain or reject the null hypothesis. (This is where you report the results of your analyses t (df) = t-value, p = sig. level.)
Three or more children and one child indicate a p score of .000 < .05. The null is rejected. There is a significant difference between the variables.
Step 6: Assess the Risk of Type I and Type II Error. (Did the data meet the assumptions of the statistic, effect size, and sample size?)
After controlling for prior knowledge, is there a difference between professionals, paraprofessionals, and non-professionals in knowledge after the training? (used one way Anova)
H0: There is no significant difference between professionals, paraprofessionals, and non-professionals in knowledge after the training.
H1: There is a significant between professionals, paraprofessionals, and non-professionals in knowledge after the training.
| Test of Homogeneity of Variances | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level of Knowledge AfterTraining | |||||
| Levene Statistic | df1 | df2 | Sig. | ||
| .406 | 2 | 57 | .668 | ||
| ANOVA | |||||
| Level of Knowledge AfterTraining | |||||
| Sum of Squares | Df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |
| Between Groups | 330.833 | 2 | 165.417 | 7.475 | .001 |
| Within Groups | 1261.350 | 57 | 22.129 | ||
| Total | 1592.183 | 59 | |||
Step 5: Retain or reject the null hypothesis:
The P-value for the Levene’s test of homogeneity of variance is greater than 0.05, hence we cannot reject the Null hypotheis at 95% confidence levels.
The Levene’s test of homogeneity shows that the variances are homogenous and hence we can perform an ANOVA. While the P-value for ANOVA is less than 0.05, showing clearly that with 95% confidence there is a difference between the knowledge after training of professionals, paraprofessionals and non-professionals.
NOMINAL VARIABLES (used frequency tables, bar graph)
| Professional Qualifications | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | Professional | 20 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 33.3 |
| Para-professional | 20 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 66.7 | |
| Non-Professional | 20 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 60 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
SCALE VARIABLES (USED Normality test, histograms, descriptive, frequency tables)
| Tests of Normality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kolmogorov-Smirnova | Shapiro-Wilk | |||||
| Statistic | df | Sig. | Statistic | df | Sig. | |
| Age | .120 | 60 | .030 | .936 | 60 | .004 |
| Level of Knowledge BeforeTraining | .098 | 60 | .200* | .964 | 60 | .073 |
| Level of Knowledge AfterTraining | .100 | 60 | .200* | .969 | 60 | .130 |
| Years of Experience | .224 | 60 | .000 | .850 | 60 | .000 |
| Confidence | .109 | 60 | .073 | .957 | 60 | .033 |
| Certification Exam | .152 | 60 | .001 | .948 | 60 | .013 |
Since the sample size is relatively small, we will look at( Shapiro-Wilk Test ?), which tells us that apart from Level of knowledge before Training & level of knowledge after training, none other variables are normal at 95% confidence level. (checking the Sig.value if less than 0.05 then non normal)
Given the histogram of each scale variable alongside a normal curve and the descriptives:
| Age | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 25 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
| 26 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 6.7 | |
| 27 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 13.3 | |
| 28 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 20.0 | |
| 29 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 26.7 | |
| 30 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 30.0 | |
| 31 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 35.0 | |
| 32 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 36.7 | |
| 33 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 43.3 | |
| 34 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 46.7 | |
| 35 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 50.0 | |
| 37 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 53.3 | |
| 38 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 55.0 | |
| 39 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 60.0 | |
| 41 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 63.3 | |
| 42 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 65.0 | |
| 43 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 71.7 | |
| 44 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 78.3 | |
| 45 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 83.3 | |
| 46 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 88.3 | |
| 47 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 90.0 | |
| 49 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 91.7 | |
| 51 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 93.3 | |
| 54 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 95.0 | |
| 57 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 96.7 | |
| 58 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 98.3 | |
| 60 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 60 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
KNOWLEDGE BEFORE TRAINING
| Level of Knowledge BeforeTraining | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 28 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
| 30 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 5.0 | |
| 31 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 11.7 | |
| 32 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 18.3 | |
| 33 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 25.0 | |
| 34 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 30.0 | |
| 35 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 31.7 | |
| 36 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 35.0 | |
| 37 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
| 38 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 46.7 | |
| 39 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 53.3 | |
| 40 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 60.0 | |
| 41 | 6 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 70.0 | |
| 42 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 73.3 | |
| 43 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 80.0 | |
| 44 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 86.7 | |
| 45 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 88.3 | |
| 46 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 91.7 | |
| 47 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 98.3 | |
| 48 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 60 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
| Level of Knowledge AfterTraining | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 30 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
| 32 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 6.7 | |
| 33 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 11.7 | |
| 34 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 16.7 | |
| 36 | 5 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 25.0 | |
| 37 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 30.0 | |
| 38 | 7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 41.7 | |
| 39 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 48.3 | |
| 40 | 6 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 58.3 | |
| 41 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 61.7 | |
| 42 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 68.3 | |
| 43 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 73.3 | |
| 44 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 75.0 | |
| 45 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 80.0 | |
| 46 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 83.3 | |
| 47 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 88.3 | |
| 48 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 93.3 | |
| 49 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 96.7 | |
| 50 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 60 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
YEARS OF EXPERIENCE
| Years of Experience | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 1 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| 2 | 11 | 18.3 | 18.3 | 23.3 | |
| 3 | 15 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 48.3 | |
| 4 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 51.7 | |
| 5 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 58.3 | |
| 6 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 65.0 | |
| 7 | 6 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 75.0 | |
| 8 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 76.7 | |
| 9 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 78.3 | |
| 10 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 83.3 | |
| 11 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 85.0 | |
| 12 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 86.7 | |
| 13 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 90.0 | |
| 14 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 95.0 | |
| 15 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 96.7 | |
| 17 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 98.3 | |
| 18 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 60 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
The histogram shows the data being slightly non normal and since the median value is close to the mean, we have a data here which is very close to normal distribution and can be considered normal at 99% confidence levels but not at 95% confidence levels, hence for any purposes later we will consider this data as normal.
The frequency table is displayed as under:
| Confidence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 13 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
| 14 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 10.0 | |
| 15 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 16.7 | |
| 16 | 5 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 25.0 | |
| 17 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 28.3 | |
| 18 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 33.3 | |
| 19 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 36.7 | |
| 20 | 5 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 45.0 | |
| 21 | 7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 56.7 | |
| 22 | 5 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 65.0 | |
| 23 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 68.3 | |
| 25 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 73.3 | |
| 26 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 78.3 | |
| 27 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 83.3 | |
| 28 | 5 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 91.7 | |
| 30 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 95.0 | |
| 31 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 96.7 | |
| 35 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 60 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
| Certification Exam | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | ||
| Valid | 52 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
| 53 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 5.0 | |
| 55 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 6.7 | |
| 56 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 8.3 | |
| 58 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 15.0 | |
| 59 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 21.7 | |
| 60 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 28.3 | |
| 62 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 33.3 | |
| 63 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 38.3 | |
| 64 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 45.0 | |
| 68 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 46.7 | |
| 69 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 48.3 | |
| 70 | 4 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 55.0 | |
| 71 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 56.7 | |
| 72 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 60.0 | |
| 73 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 65.0 | |
| 75 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 70.0 | |
| 78 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 73.3 | |
| 79 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 76.7 | |
| 80 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 81.7 | |
| 82 | 1 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 83.3 | |
| 83 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 86.7 | |
| 84 | 2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 90.0 | |
| 85 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 95.0 | |
| 90 | 3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 100.0 | |
| Total | 60 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES (USED CORRELATION TABLE)
The correlation between the variables are given here in the table:
** Significant at 99% confidence levels
Age and Certification exam
Level of knowledge before training and level of knowledge after training.
