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Unit:- 2nd.

Assignment

Topic: life lesson no.: 02

WORKING WITH THE TEXT

Q3. What was the ocean’s response?

Ans. The Ocean replied that the idea of life is to realize one’s limits and maintain one’s dignity to contain all bitter experiences and take them as pearls and rubies. The life is also a penance or renunciation, as if it (ocean) is the cause of someone’s death it also regrets it by giving them pearls and rain because salty water of it creates pearls and create clouds full of rain.

Q6. Why was the Wind impressed by the little girl?

Ans. The wind was impressed by the girl because she found the real meaning of life from the words that the girl told her. The wind understood that helping those who have a strong desire to live is the real meaning of life.

1. He tames because he

a) seldom loves them

2. He is so lazy that he

a) always help others.

3. Whichever way you approach the problem

a) no one will solve it.

4. The doctor warns him that unless he gives up smoking

a) He will be able to recover.

II. Write two synonyms of each of the following Words:

1. Abhor………..Hate, Detest

6. Fate……………Destiny, Fortune

7. Generous……..Benevolent, Big hearted

12. Mend……….Aid, Patch

13. Nonsense……..Senseless, Gibberish

18. Sober………….Temperate, Moderate

19. Transient………Fleeting, Passing

Ans: I have no money to lend you.

2. We saw the thief (run).

Ans. They watched their team to play.

5. He made us (wait) for a long time.

Ans. Need I to come tomorrow?

8. Do you wish make (make) a complaint?

Ans. How dare you to read my letter?

11. It is up to you (increase) your knowledge.

Ans. Good bye! I hope to see you again.

14. I would like (be) a teacher.

Ans. I’m tired. I want to go to bed.

17. What have you decided (do)?

Ans. Where is Sumaya? I need to ask her something.

20. I’m trying (concentrate). Please stop talking.

Porus and His Elephant (Summary)

The central idea of the poem

Written by Marry Dobson, the poem highlights the exemplary loyalty and faithfulness of an animal towards his master. The poet emphasizes that the animals can also express their emotions by crying and gasping just as human do by expressing themselves in words.

Q1.How did the elephant saved the life of Porus?

Ans. The elephant saved the life of Porus by sacrificing his life. He bravely fought against the Greek enemies and received all the wounds and injuries on itself, not allowing them to harm his master anymore.

Q2.What does the poet mean by – “Ah! These dumb things that cry and pant, they too can love, for God made them so”.

Ans. The poet explains in these lines that animals are dumb creatures but they too possess emotions like human beings. They love and are being loved. These animals express their love by crying and gasping just as humans do by expressing themselves in words.

Q5. The poem reflects the faithfulness of an elephant towards his master. Explain.

Q6. Tick the correct answer:

A .Porus met his enemy on the bank of……..

ii. The Ganges

iii. The Nile

b. Alexander in the poem is referred to as…………

iii. foe

iv. States man

c. Who was wounded?

iv. Neither

Ans. Porus

d. The wounded Porus is lifted by………..

Ans. the elephant

e. Who saved Porus?

i. his elephant

Topic: Julius Caesar

Lesson no: 06

Q3. What two reasons did Anthony give to show that Caesar was not ambitious?

Ans. At the Caesar’s funeral, Mark Anthony gives two reasons to the Roman people to prove that Caser was not ambitious. First, that Caesar was always kind and generous to the poor and always felt great love and pity for them.

Q5. Why has Brutus been called ‘the noblest Roman of the all’?

Ans. Brutus was ‘the noblest Roman of them all’ because he was the only on with honest thoughts for the good of the people. He was a brave and honourable man. He did not act in the envy of the people.

1. Work Important

2. Wide Open

State which of the following sentences are compound and which are complex. Then divide each sentence into respective clauses:

1. God made the country and manmade the town.

I’m the child of the ocean (coordinate clause) and this is my lot (coordinate clause). (Compound sentence)

4. He tames animals because he is fond of them.

About half of the humanity relies on the freshwater (coordinate clause) that accumulates in mountainous regions like the Himalayas (coordinate clause). (Complex sentence)

7. These things are beyond all understanding and i do fear them.

Unless Rustum is killed (subordinate clause), our armies can never hope to see the victory (coordinate clause) (complex sentence)

10. He was so poor that he and his wife had to remain hungry for days together.

3. I’m the child of the ocean and this is my lot.

4. He tames animals because he is fond of them.

9. Unless Rustum is killed, our armies can never hope to see the victory.

10. He was so poor that he and his wife had to remain hungry for days together.

Ans. If we read the poem carefully, we will see that the poet has used the word “wrinkle” four times and “wrinkles” two times. So we can say that the poet has found four wrinkles on the mother’s face. Since the poet has written the last wrinkle as suppression, so there may be five wrinkles on the mothers face.

Q2. What does the first wrinkle represent?

Q4.What is the poet seeking under the wrinkles of the mother?

Ans. Under the wrinkle of the mother, the poet is seeking a young aged girl who is fond of playing hopscotch and the game of pebbles.

LANGUAGE WORK

Write the meaning of the following phrases or expression as used in the poem:

5. Taking courage: being courageous

6. Under the skin: beneath or below age, or feel or see something

Q1. How was the Rose-Beetle Man dressed?

Ans. Rose-Beetle Man was dressed in a wide hat on head, shirt and a startling blue satin cravat around his neck. He had worn a coat with bulged pockets, patched trousers and a pair of leather shoes with upturned toes.

Q. 4. How did Achilles enjoy eating strawberries?

Ans. Achilles liked the wild strawberries the most. He easily swallows the small-sized strawberries but when he was given the big one, he would grab it to a quiet spot among the flower beds to eat it at the leisure time. He was very fond of wild strawberries.

Q. 7. How did Roger feel at Achilles’ funeral?

Ans. Roger felt happy at Achilles’ death that is why he was waging his tail at his funeral.

Ans. Achilles was very fond of strawberries, so to find him any way they should make him greedy for his favourite fruit so that they could easily find him.

c) Where did the family finally find Achilles? What had happened to him?

LANGUAGE WORK

Word Anagram Meaning

Looped Poodle an intelligent breed of dog.

Real fun Funeral performed after someone’s death.

Retain Retina  part of the human eye.

GRAMMAR WORK

2) I’ve got some sands in my shoe.

Ans. I’ve got some sand in my shoe.

5) Can I have some more pasta?

Ans. Can I have some more pasta?

(ii) Insert ‘a’ or ‘an’ wherever necessary.

3. It was a good idea to have a party.

4. She’s looking for a job in Jammu.

2. I have to some furniture for my new house.

3. I haven’t got much luggage with me. Just this bag

2. I don‘t eat much/many chocolates.

Ans. many

Topic: Dialogue writing

A dialogue means conversation between two or more people. In fiction, dialogue is a verbal exchange between two or more characters. If only one person talks then it is a monologue.
Dialogues are an effective tool of communication. They are a very important form of composition.
The conversation may be informal or formal, depending upon the following factors:

TOPIC: Prepositions:

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with some other word in the sentence.

5. I will be there by ten O’ clock.

6. It has rained for three hours.

(A) Indicating Time
Time is indicated mainly by at. on, in. during, by and for.
1. At
(i) At is used for a point in time :
We shall meet at 6 O’clock.
He came at midnight.
Similarly, at dawn, at sunset, at the end, at the beginning etc.
(ii) At is used before festivals :
We have a holiday at Diwali.
Similarly, at Holi, at Christmas, at New Year etc.

2. On
(i) On is used for a particular day, whether it is a date (e.g. 5 June, Feb. 14th), a
day (e.g. Monday, or a special day)
(ii) On is used for a particular part of such days as described above.
I will come on the night of 10th July.
We will meet on Friday afternoon.

(B) Indicating Place
1. Residence (Countries, towns etc.)
(i) When the reference is general, use in
Many people live in cities/villages/suburbs/deserts/countries/towns
But
He lives at the seaside.
He lives on an island.
Note. 1. Village, suburb, desert, country and town are imagined as closed entities and hence the preposition in (i.e., inside).
On the other hand seaside means near the sea and hence the preposition at ; Island is imagined as something open and so the preposition on.

2. Residence (Houses etc.)
(i) For the general reference use in:
I live in a small house.
She lives in a bungalow.

(iii) For a particular department, use in:
He is a teacher in the Department of English.

Air pollution

The air pollution has many bad effects on the health of people. It is a cause of many skin and respiratory disorder in human beings. Air pollution causes asthma, bronchitis, and many other diseases.

To sum it up, we can say that the air we breathe is getting more and more polluted day by day. Above, all many initiatives like plant trees, use of eco- friendly fuel are promoted worldwide.

Respected Mam,

Subject: Requesting for arranging extra classes for class VIII.

Class: VIII

FOUR FRIENDS PUBLIC SCHOOL

Do yourself:

1. Chapter: Data Handling

Gillikadal nowshera ,srinagar

Class: 8^th Assignment: unit 2^nd

1. Sound can travel through

 (a) Gases only

2. Which of the following is likely to have a minimum frequency?

(a) Baby girl

3. State whether the following statements are true or false:

(a) Sound cannot travel in vacuum. True

(f) Unwanted or unpleasant sound is termed as music. False

(g) Noise pollution may cause partial hearing impairment.True

(d) Unwanted sound is callednoise

(e) The shrillness of a sound is determined by thefrequencyof vibration.

= 50/5

= 10 Hz

∴frequency= 10 Hz

Time period = 0.1 s

Oscillation frequency = 500 Hz

Time period = 1/500 = 0.002 s

Ans.a) Dholak- It consists of a head which is a stretched membrane. Vibrations are set into these stretched strings when the head is beaten gently, these vibrations produce sound and thus Dholak produces sound.

b) Sitar – It is a musical instrument. Stretched strings are part of it. Vibrations are produced when the string is plucked when played. These vibrations produce sound, thus sitar produces sound.

Sounds which are unpleasant to hear are:

(a) Sounds from bus horns and truck horns.

9. List sources of noise pollution in your surroundings.

Ans.Noise pollution sources are:

e) Sirens from factories

10. Explain in what way noise pollution is harmful to human.

(d) Insomnia

(e) Hypertension

When we swallow something, the larynx moves.  There are two vocal cords inside the larynx. The air passes through a small gap which is present in between them. The lungs force the air into the gap when we speak and this vibrates the vocal cord, due to which sound is produced.

1. What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?

Ans.The advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels are as follows

2. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.

Ans. Bitumen is used for surfacing of roads.

(b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is calledrefining.

(c) Least polluting fuel for a vehicle is compressed natural gas (CNG).

(d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances.True

(e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel.False

i) Coke is tough.

ii) Coke is porous.

8. Explain the process of the formation of petroleum.

Ans. Dead organisms that got buried in the sea millions of years ago got covered with layers of sand and clay. Due to lack of air, high temperature and high pressure, these dead organisms got transformed into petroleum and natural gas.

Ans. Exhaustible resources are those resources of energy, which will deplete and exhaust after a few hundred years. These are limited. Examples: Coal, petroleum etc.

11. What are inexhaustible natural resources? Give examples.

Ans. Uses of coal:

1. It is used as a fuel in homes and industry.

Chapter: 04

Topic: reproduction in animals

• Reproduction is meant for the survival of all living things.

2. Describe the process of fertilization in human beings.

• From there on, the process of fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube.

• The male gamete cell (sperm) and female gamete cell (egg) fuse together to form a zygote.

(ii) Outside female body.

(iii) In male body.

(ii) Metamorphosis

(iii) Embedding

(ii) One

(iii) Two

(b) Each sperm is a single cell.True

(c) External fertilization takes place in frog.True

(h) Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction. True

(i) A zygote is formed as a result of fertilisation.True

• It is formed by the fusion of male and female gametes

• It is a single cell

• The stage of the embryo that shows all the main recognizable body parts of a mature organism.

• The foetus stage occurs after the embryo stage.

• It is a kind of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides into two halves.

• It is a unicellular organism that has a cell membrane, cell wall and cytoplasm.

Budding in hydra

• Organisms such as hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in the process of budding.

• There are also methods like fragmentation, multiple fission etc.

8. What is metamorphosis? Give examples.

Ans. It is defined as the process in which an animal’s body structure abruptly changes through cell growth and differentiation.

The tadpole emerging from the egg will have gills, tail etc.

They can swim easily in water.

It occurs inside the female body.

There are high chances of survival of the offspring.

There are low chances of survival of the offspring.

Most aquatic animals use this type of fertilization and the advantage of external fertilization is that it produces a large number of offspring due to external hazards.

SUBJECT: s.st

Class: 8th

Q1. Match the following:

Q2. Fill in the blanks:

Let’s Discuss:

Q3. Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement.

d. Exorbitant prices of land which Zamindars had to pay to the company (which they failed.)

Q4. How was the Mahalwari system different from the Permanent Settlement?

b. Peasants were unable to pay the rent which culminated into villages getting deserted.

Q6. Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?

7. What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?

Ans. The collapse of indigo production in Bengal was caused by the following circumstances:

Chapter no : 04

Topic: tribals,dikus and the vision of golden age

(c) The tribal chiefs got land titles in central India under the British land settlements.

(d) Tribals went to work in the tea plantations of Assam and the coal mines in Bihar.

(d) The British wanted to preserve the tribal way of life. False

Let’s discuss

.

Q5. What accounts for the anger of the tribal’s against the dikus?

T0PIC: INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

Let’s recall

(c) Challenges faced by the refugees and the princely states had to be addressed immediately.

Q2. What was the role of the Planning Commission?

(c) Economic planning by which both the state and the private sector played a role in developing what was called a mixed economy model.

(d) The death of Potti Sriramulu sparked off such violent protests, that the government was forced to give in to the demand for the linguistic state of Andhra.

(d)The second Five Year Plan focussed on the development of heavy industry. True

Lets discuss

Q7. Give one reason why English continued to be used in India after Independence.

Ans. Many Congress members believed that the English language should leave India with the British rulers. According to them, Hindi should English’s place. However, those who did not speak Hindi were of a different opinion. Speaking in the Assembly, T.T. Krishnamachari conveyed “a warning on behalf of people of the South”, some of whom threatened to separate from India if Hindi was imposed on them. A compromise was finally arrived at: namely, that while Hindi would be the “official language” of India, English would be used in the courts, the services and communications between one state and another.

TOPIC: LAND, SOIL, WATER, NATURAL VEGETATION & WILD LIFE RESOURCES

Exercises

Ans: The overuse of chemical fertilizers and deforestation are the two main reasons for land degradation. The growing population and their ever-growing demand has led to large scale destruction of forest cover and arable land and has created a fear of losing this natural resource.

(iii)Why land is considered an important resource?

• Awareness programmes like social forestry and tree plantation- ‘Vanamahotsava’ are organised to conserve forests, which are a valuable natural resource.

(v) Suggest three ways to conserve water.

Q2. Tick the correct answer.

(i) Which one of the following is NOT a factor of soil formation?

(a) Shelterbelts

(b) Mulching

(c) Dispose poly packs after shopping

Q3. Match the following:

True: River valley and plains offer suitable land for agriculture. Hence, they are densely populated.

(ii) Water availability per person in India is declining.

False:  Climate change and human interferences can cause the loss of natural habitats, and hence destroy the ecosystem

CHAPTER NO -3

(ii) What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located?

Ans: Ores are the rocks which are mined to extract minerals from them. Minerals occur in different types of rocks. Some are found in igneous rocks, some in metamorphic rocks, while others occur in sedimentary rocks. The ores of metallic minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic rock formations that form large plateaus.

(a) In rural areas – coal, solar energy, bio-gas and firewood can be used as sources of energy.

(b) In coastal areas – wind power, petroleum and tidal power can be used.

2. Closing the tap properly, so that it does not drip

3. Using pressure cooker for cooking

(a) They are created by natural processes. (b) They have a definite chemical composition.

(c) They are inexhaustible. (d) Their distribution is uneven.

(a) Cooking food in an open pan, kept on low flame. (b) Soaking the dal for some time before cooking it.

(c) Cooking food in a pressure cooker. (d) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for

(ii) Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.

Ans: Coal is an important source of energy and hence most of the industries are located around coal mines.

Q4. Distinguish between the following.

(i) Conventional and non conventional sources of energy:

Ans: Ferrous minerals contain iron such as iron ore, manganese and chromites. On the other hand, nonferrous minerals do not contain iron like gold, silver, copper or lead.

(iv) Metallic and Non-metallic minerals:

Chapter No: 03

• Every responsible citizen should participate in the government.

• Law-making and decision-making should also be shared by the adults of the country.

Chapter No: 04

Topic: Understanding Laws

Q1. Write in your own words what you understand by the term the ‘rule of law’. In your response include a fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.

Ans: The rule of law is a provision of the Indian Constitution that states that all people in independent India are equal before the law. Every law is equal for every citizen in the country. Neither the President nor any other high official is above the law. The punishment for any crime committed will be the same for every person, irrespective of post or power. For example if a Clerk is punished for corruption, the same punishment needs to be given to a higher Official or Minister for committing the same crime of corruption.

Q3. Re-read the storyboard on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women’s groups worked to make this happen.

Ans: The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 was passed with an aim to protect women against any kind of violence, be it physical or verbal. Various women’s groups worked to make this happen by reporting multiple cases of domestic violence to the various forums. A group of lawyers, law students and activists worked together for drafting the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection Bill). Other than this, various Women organisations, National Commission for Women made submissions to the Parliamentary Standing Committee. All these actions taken by women, together made the Government pass the bill against domestic violence.

Topic: Law & Social Justice

Ans: Construction workers-They are receiving below the minimum wages laid down by law.

Factory workers-They are too receiving below the minimum wages.

3. Minimum additional expenses, such as for housing facilities for workers. Thus, companies can save costs and earn higher profits.

4. Cost cutting can also be done by other more dangerous means like lowering working conditions, including lower safety measures.

Q5.How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.

Ans: Laws can ensure that markets work in a fair manner. The frequently upgraded minimum wages law ensures that workers are not exploited and over-worked by companies that hire them. Also, a law keeping checks on the quality of production makes sure that sub-standard goods do not enter the market.

1. Providing public facilities like healthcare, sanitation and water supply and ensure that these are not overtaken by the private enterprises.

2. Enforcing law against child labour.

7. Punishing organisations that do not follow policies to protect the environment against pollution.

Q8. What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to (a) air; (b) water and (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce pollution? Can you suggest some other measures?

Steps taken to reduce pollution are:

• Various laws have been enforced to keep a check on the environment pollution.

Ans: The environment was treated as a ‘free’ entity and any industry or individual could pollute the environment without any restrictions. There were very few laws to protect and conserve the environment in India. Government also paid no attention to safeguarding the environment.

Now, there has been a change in perception. Government has introduced various laws to protect and conserve the environment such as Swachh Bahrat Abhiyan. The courts have given out a number of judgments, upholding the right to a healthy environment as intrinsic to the fundamental right to life. Various laws and procedures to check pollution and clean rivers have been formed. The government can also impose a fine on those who pollute our precious environment.