Performing scalar multiplication

and negation. Here are the computations for each expression:

(8.1) V + 4W:

Therefore, V + 4W = <-3, 4, -10>

(8.2) 3ū - 3v:

Therefore, 3ū - 3v = <0, -3, 12>

(8.3) -(2v - 2ū):

Therefore, -(2v - 2ū) = <0, -2, 8>