Pearson edexcel international gcse science double award student bookbrian arnold

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	EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL GCSE (9 –1) SCIENCE DOUBLE AWARD Student Book
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	Phil Bradfield		Brian Arnold
	Steve Potter	Steve Owen
	Rachel Yu

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n 2019

COURSE STRUCTURE

UNIT 3

558

Pearso

UNIT 4

590

part. ©

viii

UNIT 5

620

e or in

UNIT 6

638

in whol

UNIT 7

656

bution

UNIT 2

UNIT 8

694

or distri

UNIT 3

120

ulation

162

708

le, circ

196

APPENDIX B: COMMAND WORDS

709

or resa

UNIT 6

236

INDEX

710

n. Not f

scretio

258

720

sher di

UNIT 2

344

APPENDIX D: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES 721

at publi

412

hange

446

INVESTIGATIVE SKILLS 722

ect to c

BIOLOGY GLOSSARY

731

nt subj

UNIT 1

488

741

528

747

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BIOLOGY

259

1 LIFE PROCESSES

2 THE VARIETY OF LIVING ORGANISMS

UNIT 2: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

3BREATHING AND GAS EXCHANGE

4FOOD AND DIGESTION

5BLOOD AND CIRCULATION

7CHEMICAL COORDINATION

8HOMEOSTASIS AND EXCRETION

9REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

UNIT 3: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

11REACTIVITY SERIES

366

10 PLANTS AND FOOD

11 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

12 CHEMICAL COORDINATION IN PLANTS

UNIT 4: ECOLOGY AND

413

15 HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE ENVIRONMENT

176

UNIT 5: VARIATION AND SELECTION

459

16CHROMOSOMES, GENES AND DNA

17CELL DIVISION

202

18GENES AND INHERITANCE

GENETIC MODIFICATION

21 GENETIC MODIFICATION

245

UNIT 1: FORCES AND MOTION

701

3 FORCES AND MOVEMENT

514

4MAINS ELECTRICITY

6ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

7 PROPERTIES OF WAVES

9 LIGHT AND SOUND WAVES

575

11 THERMAL ENERGY

UNIT 5: SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

621

14SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

629

ELECTROMAGNETISM

16 ELECTRIC MOTORS AND

UNIT 7: RADIOACTIVITY AND

17 ATOMS AND RADIOACTIVITY

19 APPLICATIONS OF RADIOACTIVITY

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ABOUT THIS BOOK

This book is written for students following the Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Science Double Award

specification. You will need to study all of the content in this book for your examinations, except anything in

The language throughout this textbook is graded for speakers of English as an additional language (EAL),

with advanced Science-specific terminology highlighted and defined in the glossaries on the eBook. A

in your learning and will help you to see what you need to do to progress to the next level. Furthermore,

Edexcel have developed a Skills grid showing the skills you will practise throughout your time on the

Learning Objectives
show what you will learn in each chapter.

Looking Ahead tells you what you would learn if you continued your study of Science to a higher level, such as International A Level.

need to know and use

for the study of a topic.

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your examination.

will help to extend your understanding of the topic.

you are practising in each

knowledge of the topic in that

difficulty according to the Pearson

Progression Scale.

progress.

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know exactly what to expect in the assessment.

2 hours

January and June examination series

SPECIFICATION

PERCENTAGE

MARK

TIME

AVAILABILITY

Written examination paper Paper code 4SD0/1P
Externally set and assessed by Edexcel

Science Double

33.3%

PERCENTAGE

2 hours

TIME

January and June examination series

First assessment June 2019


AO1	Knowledge and understanding of science	38%–42%

	Experimental skills, analysis and evaluation of data and methods in science	19%–21%

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EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS

In the assessment of experimental skills, students may be tested on their ability to:

• solve problems set in a practical context

• apply scientific knowledge and understanding in questions with a practical context

• devise and plan investigations, using scientific knowledge and understanding when selecting appropriate techniques

• demonstrate or describe appropriate experimental and investigative methods, including safe and skilful practical

• make observations and measurements with appropriate precision, record these methodically and present them in

• identify independent, dependent and control variables

• use scientific knowledge and understanding to analyse and interpret data to draw conclusions from experimental

• communicate the findings from experimental activities, using appropriate technical language, relevant calculations

• assess the reliability of an experimental activity

• evaluate data and methods taking into account factors that affect accuracy and validity.

CALCULATORS

Students are permitted to take a suitable calculator into the examinations. Calculators with QWERTY keyboards or that

can retrieve text or formulae will not be permitted.

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All living organisms are composed of microscopic units known as cells. These building blocks of life have a number of features in common, which allow them to grow, reproduce, and generate more organisms. In Chapter 1 we start by looking at the structure and function of cells, and the essential life processes that go on within them. Despite the fact that cells are similar in structure, there are many millions of different species of organisms. Chapter 2 looks at the diversity of living things and how we can classify them into groups on the basis of the features that they show.

son 2019

in part. ©Pear

There are structural features that are common to the cells of all living organisms. In this chapter you will find out about

these features and look at some of the processes that keep cells alive.

le or

isher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in who

ATP in living organisms

◼ Describe cell structures and their functions, including

◼ Know that ATP provides energy for cells

◼ Understand the role of enzymes as biological catalysts

◼ Investigate the evolution of carbon dioxide and heat

from respiring seeds or other suitable living organisms

◼ Investigate how enzyme activity can be affected by changes in temperature

◼ Understand how factors affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells

Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publ

All living organisms are composed of units called cells. The simplest

organisms are made from single cells (Figure 1.1) but more complex plants

and animals are composed of millions of cells. In many-celled (multicellular)

organisms, there may be hundreds of different types of cells with different

structures. They are specialised so that they can carry out particular functions

in the animal or plant. Despite all the differences, there are basic features that

are the same in all cells.

▲ Figure 1.1 Many simple organisms have ‘bodies’ made from single cells. Here are four examples.

	4	ORGANISMS AND LIFE PROCESSES	LIFE PROCESSES
		There are eight life processes which take place in most living things.
		Organisms:
		◾ require nutrition – plants make their own food, animals eat other organisms
		◾ respire – release energy from their food
		◾ excrete – get rid of waste products
		◾ respond to stimuli – are sensitive to changes in their surroundings
		◾ move – by the action of muscles in animals, and slow growth movements
		in plants
		◾ control their internal conditions – maintain a steady state inside the body
		◾ reproduce – produce offspring
		◾ grow and develop – increase in size and complexity, using materials from
		their food.
		CELL STRUCTURE
		This part of the book describes the cell structure of ‘higher’ organisms such as
		animals, plants and fungi. The cells of bacteria are simpler in structure and will
		be described in Chapter 2.
		Most cells contain certain parts such as the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell
		membrane. Some cells have structures missing, for instance red blood
		cells are unusual in that they have no nucleus. The first chapter in a biology
		textbook will usually present diagrams of ‘typical’ plant and animal cells. In
		fact, there is really no such thing as a ‘typical’ cell. Humans, for example, are
		composed of hundreds of different kinds of cells – from nerve cells to blood
		cells, skin cells to liver cells. What we really mean by a ‘typical’ cell is a general
		diagram that shows all the features that you will find in most cells (Figure 1.2).
		However, not all these are present in all cells – for example the cells in the
		parts of a plant that are not green do not contain chloroplasts.
		animal cell		plant cell
		10μm 1000 mm) mitochondria (inside cell wall) cell membrane vacuole
		▲ Figure 1.2 The structure of a ‘typical’ animal and plant cell.
		The living material that makes up a cell is called cytoplasm. It has a texture
		rather like sloppy jelly, in other words somewhere between a solid and a liquid.
		Unlike a jelly, it is not made of one substance but is a complex material made
		of many different structures. You can’t see many of these structures under
		an ordinary light microscope. An electron microscope has a much higher
		magnification and can show the details of these structures, which are called
		organelles (Figure 1.3).

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mitochondria

The largest organelle in the cell is the nucleus. Nearly all cells have a nucleus.

cytoplasm

nucleus

The few types that don’t are usually dead (e.g. the xylem vessels in a stem,

Chapter 11) or don’t live for very long (e.g. red blood cells, Chapter 5). The

nucleus controls the activities of the cell. It contains chromosomes (46 in

human cells) which carry the genetic material, or genes. Genes control the

activities in the cell by determining which proteins the cell can make. The DNA

remains in the nucleus, but the instructions for making proteins are carried

out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where the proteins are assembled on tiny

structures called ribosomes. A cell contains thousands of ribosomes, but they

are too small to be seen through a light microscope.

One very important group of proteins found in cells are enzymes. Enzymes

control the chemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm.

All cells are surrounded by a cellmembrane, sometimes called the cell

surface membrane to distinguish it from other membranes inside the cell.

▲ Figure 1.3 The organelles in a cell can be

This is a thin layer like a ‘skin’ on the surface of the cell. It forms a boundary

seen using an electron micropscope.

between the cytoplasm of the cell and the outside. However, it is not a

complete barrier. Some chemicals can pass into the cell and others can pass

out. We say that the membrane is partially permeable. The membrane can

go further than this and actually control the movement of some substances – it

is selectively permeable.

One organelle that is found in the cytoplasm of all living cells is the

mitochondrion (plural mitochondria). In cells that need a lot of energy such

as muscle or nerve cells, there are many mitochondria. This gives us a clue to

their function. They carry out some of the reactions of respiration (see page

11) releasing energy that the cell can use. Most of the energy from respiration

is released in the mitochondria.

scret

All of the structures you have seen so far are found in both animal and

roof, all content subject to change at publisher di

plant cells. However, some structures are only ever found in plant cells.

There are three in particular – the cell wall, a permanent vacuole and

chloroplasts.

The cellwall is a layer of non-living material that is found outside the

cell membrane of plant cells. It is made mainly of a carbohydrate called

cellulose, although other chemicals may be added to the wall in some cells.

Cellulose is a tough material that helps the cell keep its shape and is one

reason why the ‘body’ of a plant has a fixed shape. Animal cells do not have

a cell wall and tend to be more variable in shape. Plant cells absorb water,

producing an internal pressure that pushes against adjacent cells, giving the

plant support (see Chapter 11). Without a cell wall strong enough to resist

these pressures, this method of support would be impossible. The cell wall

is porous, so it is not a barrier to water or dissolved substances. We call it

freelypermeable.

Mature (fully grown) plant cells often have a large central space surrounded

by a membrane, called a vacuole. This vacuole is a permanent feature of the

cell. It is filled with a watery liquid called cell sap, which is a store of dissolved

Uncorrected p

sugars, mineral ions and other solutes. Animal cells do contain vacuoles, but

they are only small, temporary structures.

mitochondria. As well as these

Cells of the green parts of plants, especially the leaves, contain another very

structures, plant cells have a cell wall

important organelle, the chloroplast. Chloroplasts absorb light energy to

make food in the process of photosynthesis (see Chapter 10). They contain a

green pigment called chlorophyll. Cells from the parts of a plant that are not

green, such as the flowers, roots and woody stems, have no chloroplasts.

(b)

25µm

ubli

The chemical reactions that take place in a cell are controlled by a group of

ct to change at p

The chemical reactions taking place

part in the reaction, but afterwards is unchanged and free to catalyse more

reactions is known as the metabolism

nucleus contains the genes, which control the production of enzymes, which

ubje

KEY POINT

rrected proof, all content s

Everything a cell does depends on which enzymes it can make, which in turn

In the intestine enzymes are secreted

are called extracellular enzymes, which

necessary because the temperatures inside organisms are low (e.g. the human

However, most enzymes stay inside

body temperature is about 37 °C) and without catalysts, most of the reactions

about digestive enzymes in Chapter 4.

them up.

Unc

they are proteins,and protein molecules have an enormous range of structures

and shapes (see Chapter 4).

The molecule that an enzyme acts on is called its substrate. Each enzyme has

a small area on its surface called the activesite. The substrate attaches to

the active site of the enzyme. The reaction then takes place and products are

formed. When the substrate joins up with the active site it lowers the energy

needed for the reaction to start, allowing the products to be formed more easily.

Enzymes also catalyse reactions where large molecules are built up from

smaller ones. In this case, several substrate molecules attach to the active

site, the reaction takes place and the larger product molecule is formed. The

product then leaves the active site.

The substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme like a key fitting into a lock.

Just as a key will only fit one lock, a substrate will only fit into the active site

of a particular enzyme. This is known as the lock and key model of enzyme

action. It is the reason why enzymes are specific, i.e. an enzyme will only

catalyse one reaction.

substrate enters

enzyme

enzyme's active site

products formed, which

leave active site

▲ Figure 1.5 Enzymes catalyse reactions at their active site. This acts like a ‘lock’ to the substrate

‘key’. The substrate fits into the active site, and products are formed. This happens more easily

than without the enzyme – so enzymes act as catalysts.

After an enzyme molecule has catalysed a reaction, the product is released

from the active site, and the enzyme is free to act on more substrate

molecules.

ct to

A number of factors affect the activity of enzymes. The rate of reaction may

ubje

be increased by raising the concentration of the enzyme or the substrate.

Two other factors that affect enzymes are temperature and pH.

ll content s

TEMPERATURE

the temperature at which the reaction

takes place most rapidly.

The effect of temperature on the action of an enzyme is easiest to see as

a graph, where we plot the rate of the reaction against temperature (Figure 1.6).

Enzymes in the human body have evolved to work best at body temperature

(37 °C). The graph in Figure 1.6 shows a peak on the curve at this temperature,

which is called the optimum temperature for the enzyme.

As the enzyme is heated up to the optimum temperature, the rise in

temperature increases the rate of reaction. This is because higher temperatures

give the molecules of the enzyme and the substrate more kinetic energy, so

they collide more often. More collisions means that the reaction will take place

more frequently.

70

temperature/ºC

▲ Figure 1.6 Effect of temperature on the action of an enzyme.

However, above the optimum, temperature starts to have another effect.

Enzymes are made of protein, and proteins are broken down by heat. From

40 °C upwards, the heat destroys the enzyme. We say that it is denatured.

You can see the effect of denaturing when you boil an egg. The egg white is

made of protein, and turns from a clear runny liquid into a white solid as the

heat denatures the protein. Denaturing changes the shape of the active site

so that the substrate will no longer fit into it. Denaturing is permanent – the

enzyme molecules will no longer catalyse the reaction.

Not all enzymes have an optimum temperature near 37 °C, only those of

animals such as mammals and birds, which all have body temperatures

close to this value. Enzymes have evolved to work best at the normal

body temperature of the organism. Bacteria that always live at an average

temperature of 10 °C will probably have enzymes with an optimum temperature

near 10 °C.

The pH around the enzyme is also important. The pH inside cells is neutral

(pH 7) and most enzymes have evolved to work best at this pH. At extremes

of pH either side of neutral, the enzyme activity decreases, as shown in

Figure 1.7. The pH at which the enzyme works best is called its optimum

pH. Either side of the optimum, the pH affects the structure of the enzyme

molecule and changes the shape of its active site, so that the substrate will not

fit into it so well.

optimum pH

a neutral pH, a few have an optimum

below or above pH 7. The stomach

makes an enzyme called pepsin which

9

▲ Figure 1.7 Most enzymes work best at a neutral pH.

	ORGANISMS AND LIFE PROCESSES	LIFE PROCESSES
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	Safety note: Wear eye protection and
	avoid skin contact with the liquids.
	avoid skin contact with the liquids.



		Figure 1.8 shows apparatus which can be used to record how quickly the
		starch is used up.
		transfer sample
		every 30 seconds
		spots of iodine
		solution

		amylase
		solution	suspension	mixture
		▲ Figure 1.8 Investigating the breakdown of starch by amylase at different temperatures.




		are placed in the beaker of water for 5 minutes, and the temperature
		recorded.
		The amylase solution is then poured into the starch suspension, leaving




		A sample of the mixture is taken every 30 seconds for 10 minutes and
		tested for starch as above, until the iodine solution remains yellow,

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	Colour of mixture at different temperatures / (°C)
Time / min	20	30	40	50	60
0.0	Blue-black	Blue-black	Blue-black	Blue-black	Blue-black
0.5	Blue-black	Blue-black	Brown	Blue-black	Blue-black
1.0	Blue-black	Blue-black	Yellow	Blue-black	Blue-black
1.5	Blue-black	Blue-black	Yellow	Blue-black	Blue-black
2.0	Blue-black	Blue-black	Yellow	Brown	Blue-black
2.5	Blue-black	Blue-black	Yellow	Brown	Blue-black
3.0	Blue-black	Blue-black	Yellow	Brown	Blue-black
3.5	Blue-black	Blue-black	Yellow	Yellow	Blue-black
4.0	Blue-black	Blue-black	Yellow	Yellow	Blue-black
5.5	Blue-black	Blue-black	Yellow	Yellow	Blue-black
6.0	Blue-black	Brown	Yellow	Yellow	Blue-black
6.5	Blue-black	Brown	Yellow	Yellow	Blue-black
7.0	Blue-black	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Blue-black
7.5	Blue-black	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Brown
8.0	Blue-black	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Brown
8.5	Brown	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow
9.0	Brown	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow
9.5	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow
10.0	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow	Yellow