Leading death obstructive lung disease acute tubular necrosis

Changes in Environmental and Health Effects

 Cancer
 Birth defects
 Reproductive damage
 Respiratory diseases
 Heavy metal induced diseases

Cancer

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms caused by cancer will vary depending on what part of the body is affected.

 Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the skin, sores that won't heal, or changes to existing moles

 Changes in bowel or bladder habits

 Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating

 Persistent, unexplained muscle or joint pain

For example, over 480,000 people die in the U.S. each year from smoking cigarettes, according to data

reported in 2014.

 poor nutrition

 changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells

 physical inactivity

have a greater effect on individual cancer risk than do exposure to trace amounts

 some food-related factors, such as nitrites and poly aromatic hydrocarbons generated by barbecuing

food).

 HPV (human papilloma virus, papilloma virus, which causes changes eg. Cervical cells)

 EBV (Epstein-Barr virus, the herpes virus that causes inflammation of the throat lymphoid)

Some drugs may increase the risk of cancer:

 certain antineoplastic agents

Types

The most common type of cancer in the U.S. is breast cancer, followed by lung and prostate cancers,

 bladder

 colon and rectal

 liver

 melanoma

Effects of Cancer and Cancer Treatment

It's important to know that side effects vary by cancer type, treatment, individual traits and many other

Bleeding and bruising (thrombocytopenia): Chemotherapy and targeted therapies can deplete platelets —

cells that clot blood to stop bleeding. This can leave you vulnerable to bruising and bleeding. Talk with your

Constipation: Chemotherapy and pain medications can cause constipation. A high-fiber diet and lots of liquids can help. Talk with your provider before taking any medications.

Diabetes: Cancer medications can raise your blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia), increasing your risk of developing diabetes even after treatment. Let your doctor know if you have dizziness, light-headedness, or increased thirst or urination.

Hair loss: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause temporary hair loss. Our Patient Education Resource Center on the seventh floor of the Center for Health & Healing helps with free hats, wigs and scarves.

Hearing loss: Chemotherapy medications and high doses of radiation therapy to the brain can damage hearing. Let your provider know right away if you notice changes.

Infertility: Some types of radiation and chemotherapy can damage your ability to have children. We can recommend fertility services before treatment to increase your options.

Learning and memory problems: Chemotherapy can cause trouble with memory, concentration or finding the right word, a condition often called "chemo brain." Our rehabilitation services can help.

Organ damage: Cancer treatment can lead to organ damage, even years later. Talk with your provider about any new changes you notice. Preventive steps include proper nutrition and exercise, and avoiding smoking and too much alcohol.

Pain: Pain may result from cancer, surgery, nerve damage caused by chemotherapy or other factors. Your provider can offer medications and other remedies.

Prevention

There's no certain way to prevent cancer. But doctors have identified several ways of reducing your cancer risk, such as:

 Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or obese may increase your risk of cancer. Work to achieve and maintain a healthy weight through a combination of a healthy diet and regular exercise.

 Drink alcohol in moderation, if you choose to drink. If you choose to drink alcohol, limit yourself to one drink a day if you're a woman of any age or a man older than age 65, or two drinks a day if you're a man 65 years old or younger.

Birth defect is a significant abnormality of appearance, structure, or function that is present at birth. According to World Health Organization (WHO), Birth defects, also known as congenital anomalies, can be defined as structural or functional abnormalities, including metabolic disorders, which are present from birth.

Birth defects can cause spontaneous abortions and stillbirths as well as mortality and lifelong morbidity for those born with the birth defects.

 Smoking, drinking alcohol, or taking certain “street” drugs during pregnancy.

 Having certain medical conditions, such as being obese or having uncontrolled diabetes before and during pregnancy.

Birth defects can be a result of:

 genetics

However, the exact causes of certain birth defects are often unknown.

 birth injury and,

 many unknown reasons.

throughout the family history of one or both parents.

Nongenetic causes

All pregnant women have some risk of delivering a child with a birth defect. Risk increases under any of the

following conditions:

 untreated viral or bacterial infections, including sexually transmitted infections

 use of certain high-risk medications, such as isotretinoin and lithium

There are two main categories of birth defects.

Structural Birth Defects

 spina bifida, when the spinal cord doesn’t develop properly

 clubfoot, when the foot points inward instead of forward

 Sensory problems. Examples include hearing loss and visual problems, such as blindness or deafness.

 Metabolic disorders. These involve problems with certain chemical reactions in the body, such as conditions that limit the body’s ability to rid itself of waste materials or harmful chemicals. Two common metabolic disorders are and hypothyroidism.

How can birth defects be prevented?

Many birth defects can’t be prevented, but there are some ways to lower the risk of having a baby with a birth defect.

5. make sure their vaccinations are up to date

6. make sure they don't have any sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

10. Most vaccines are safe during pregnancy. In fact, some vaccines can help prevent birth defects. 11. There is a theoretical risk of harm to a developing fetus with some live-virus vaccines, so these kinds should not be given during pregnancy. You should ask your doctor which vaccines are necessary and safe.

12. Maintaining a healthy weight also helps reduce the risk of complications during pregnancy. 13. Women with pre-existing conditions, such as diabetes, should take special care to manage their health.

Reproductive Damages

An increasing number of studies have shown that a variety of toxicants can induce detrimental effects on reproductive systems in animals and humans. For instance, reproductive damages in seagulls and other wildlife presented some of the first clues about the adverse effects of DDT. Organochlorines have also been implicated in impaired reproductive success in fish populations of the Baltic and North Sea. These compounds also have detrimental effects on the health and reproduction of seals.

 Alcohol

 Chemicals such as pesticides

 Radiation

 Some viruses

For a man, a reproductive hazard can affect the sperm. A hazard may cause a problem with the number of

sperm, their shape, or the way that they swim. It could also damage the sperm's DNA. Then the sperm may

ability to get pregnant.

A woman who is exposed during pregnancy can have different effects, depending on when she was exposed.

To try to avoid reproductive hazards,

 Avoid alcohol and illegal drugs during pregnancy

Respiratory Diseases

Respiratory disease, any of the diseases and disorders of the airways and the lungs that affect human

Causes of Respiratory Diseases

A type of disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system.

 by breathing in second hand tobacco smoke,

 radon,

 fumes

Respiratory diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis,

 Adverse climatic conditions and intolerable air pollution

 Excessive exposure to smoke and other toxic materials

above causes often show following symptoms:

 Breathing issues like wheezing or shortness of breath

 Blood with a cough

 Stubborn Cough

 Weight loss

Common Respiratory Diseases

 Pneumonia

This infection occurs in the air sacs of the lungs. While the recovery time is usually one to three weeks, pneumonia can be serious and even life-threatening. People over the age of 65 are encouraged to get a pneumonia vaccine.

 Collapse of part or all of the lung (pneumothorax or atelectasis) Abnormal build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) Blocked lung artery (pulmonary embolus)

Prevention

 taking precautions around chemicals and fumes

 avoiding the place which contains chemical fumes and dust

Scientists group these elements based on their higher density, or atomic weights. Many heavy metals exist, including:

 Lead

 Mercury

 nausea

 abdominal pain

 weakness

Children with heavy metal poisoning may have unusually formed or weakened bones. Pregnant people may

Arsenic is used in the manufacture of pesticides. The gas from arsenic also has some industrial uses.

 headaches, drowsiness, confusion, seizures, and life-threatening complications.

 muscle cramps

 Neurological symptoms include brain damage, nerve disease of the extremities and loss or deficiency

 In cases of chronic poisoning, weakness, muscle aches, chills, and fever may develop.

The onset of symptoms in chronic arsenic poisoning is about two to eight weeks after exposure.

Cadmium is used for many items, including electroplating, storage batteries, vapor lamps and in some

solders. The onset of symptoms may be delayed for two to four hours after exposure.

 increased salivation;

 yellowing of the teeth;

 an impaired sense of smell (anosmia).

Chromium Poisoning

and vomiting, often with blood.

 Symptoms may lead to severe water-electrolyte disorders, increased mild acidity of blood and body

precautions are not taken. Lead is stored in the bone but may affect any organ system. The effects of lead

poisoning varies depending on the age of the individual and the amount of exposure.

(dysarthria), changes in kidney function, unusually high amounts of protein in the blood

(hyperproteinemia), and unusually pale skin (pallor) resulting from a low level of iron in the red

 learning or behavioral problems such as mental retardation and selective deficits in language,

cognitive function, balance, behavior, and school performance.

 fever, headaches, fatigue, sluggishness (letheragy), vomiting, loss of appetite (anorexia), abdominal

pain, constipation, joint pain, loss of recently acquired skills, incoordination, listlessness, difficulty

as hostility, depression, and/or anxiety.

 In some cases, symptoms may be life-threatening.

kidneys, brain, and/or skin.

 fatigue, depression, sluggishness (letheragy), irritability, and headaches.

 vision changes

 trouble walking

 Shock and permanent brain damage.

 mental confusion.

 memory loss, excessive shyness, abnormal excitability, and/or insomnia. This syndrome was

described in workers with occupational exposure to mercury in the felt-hat industry.

affected areas; and tingling and sensory disturbances.

 stomach and intestinal disturbances; kidney damage; dehydration; acute renal failure; inflammation

 Copper is used in the manufacture of electrical wires. It may cause a flu-like reaction called metal

disturbances; and/or liver dysfunction.

 Overexposure to gold (as in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis) may cause skin rashes; bone marrow

 Overexposure to tin may damage the nervous system and cause psychomotor disturbances including

tremor, convulsions, hallucinations, and psychotic behavior.

 working near a hazardous waste site

 Ingestion of herbicides, insecticides, pesticides, fungicides, or rodenticides containing arsenic may

 drinking contaminated water

 living in an area that has high levels in rocks, water, and soil

 inhaling cigarette smoke

Lead poisoning may be caused by

 contamination of water from lead pipes.

 calcium products, progressive hair dyes, kajal, surma, kohl, and foreign digestive remedies.

 manufacturing of thermometers, mirrors, incandescent lights, x-ray machines, and vacuum pumps.

 paint, calomel, teething powder, and mercuric fungicide used in washing diapers.

 consuming contaminated fish or water

While anyone can develop heavy metal poisoning, children are more vulnerable to it, particularly lead poisoning.

1. The causative substance was methylmercury.

2. The wastewater containing methylmercury changed from inorganic form in the production process was discharged from the factory into Minamata bay and polluted sea and river. (Process of Acetaldehyde production).

 Birds that fed on fish were also contaminated and so were other predators that preyed on these birds.

 In Minamata Bay, the pollutants were not dispersed over a wide area, but remained concentrated within the bay and this made the risk even greater as residents got their protein intake from seafood.

2. Sight disturbance of peripheral areas in the visual fields (constriction of visual fields)

3. Stereo anesthesia (Disturbance of sensation)

Symptoms and Signs of Minamata Disease
 Severe uncontrollable tremors
 Loss of motor control
 Sensory loss affecting both auditory and visual senses

Partial paralysis  Loss of muscle control during voluntary movements, known as ataxia
 Numbness in the extremities like the hands and feet
 Speech impairment may also be observed
While these are typical symptoms of mercury poisoning, the symptoms and combinations of symptoms can differ in severity. In children and infants who have inherited the condition, the symptoms can include the following:
 Infants will display symptoms that are similar to those afflicted with cerebral palsy, which is not surprising as it is results in impaired neurological development and causes seizures.

 Growth and developmental problems with both physical and mental health
 Microcephaly, a neurodevelopmental disorder, in children
 Mental retardation
Prevention
If you’re worried about heavy metal poisoning, your doctor can give you personalized advice. General tips include:
If you work with heavy metals, always wear masks or other safety equipment.
 Check local fish advisories to make sure the fish you eat is safe.

Itai-itai disease was the name given to the mass cadmium poisoning of Toyama Prefecture, Japan, starting around 1912. The term "itai-itai disease" was coined by locals for the severe pains, victims felt in the spine. Itai-itai disease is known as one of the Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan.

Causes of itai itai disease

 Starting in 1910 and continuing through 1945, cadmium was released in significant quantities by mining operations, and the disease first appeared around 1912.

 This subsequently increased the pollution of the Jinzū River and its tributaries.

 One of the main effects of cadmium poisoning is weak and brittle bones.

 Spinal and leg pain is common, and a waddling gait often develops due to bone deformities caused by the cadmium.

MD. AMIR MAHMUD ZEESHAN
ASH1709043M
Dept. of ESDM. NSTU