Frederick lewis allen

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University of New Mexico

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Contents

PREFACE xi

1	Introduction
2	Political Science and Scientific Methods in Studying
	Politics
	The Range of Political Science: Historical Developments			12
	Thinking Scientifically: Some Foundations of Scientific Inquiry

	Case Studies	21
	Survey Research		24


	Science: Limitations		31

Questions? 32

Does Science Contradict Its Own Logic? 34

vi C O N T E N T S

6	C O N T E N T S
	Socialism	116
	Marxism		117

	Social Democracy
	Summing Up
	Study Questions				126
	Following up Through Internet Sources						127
	Political Ideologies II: Fascism
7	The Fascism of Mussolini and Hitler

	Summing Up			142
	Study Questions				142
	Following up Through Internet Sources
	Political Ideologies III: Feminism, Environmentalism,
8
	Feminism
	Liberal Feminism					150
	Radical Challenges to Liberal Feminism
	Environmentalism
	Basic Principles
								159
	A Note on Postmodernism
	Summing Up
	Study Questions
	Following up Through Internet Sources
	Comparative Politics I: Governmental Systems:
	Democracy and Nondemocracy
	Democracy as a Fluid and Varied Governing Process

	Participation: The United States and Switzerland								170

										175
									178
	Performance: The United States and India
	Nondemocracy: A Fluid and Varied Governing Process										183

Summing Up 190

Study Questions 192

Interest Groups in the United States 195

Interest Groups Compared: Democracies 203

Political Parties Compared: Nondemocratic and Transitional

Systems 216

Summing Up 228

Study Questions 230

Systems 232

The U.S. Presidential System: The Executive 233

Judicial Review Versus Parliamentary Sovereignty 247

Summing Up 249

Idealism 253

Realism	255	C O N T E N T S	ix

Preface

T science through discussions of research, theory, comparative, U.S., and his text seeks to introduce students to some analytical dimensions of political

xii P R E F A C E

Insofar as students and reviewers helped me think more carefully about a number of the questions discussed in the earlier editions, I have updated this edition in a variety of ways. Readers will find up-to-date electoral information throughout the book, as, for instance, when they encounter Liberia’s Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf in Chapter 1 and when they read about recent U.S. elections in Chapter 9. The discussion of conservative theory in Chapter 5 has been expanded to include an analysis of neoconservatism, and the treatment of envi-ronmentalism in Chapter 7 now includes attention to global climate change. This edition also seeks to give greater emphasis to international and global perspectives on political phenomena generally; for instance, the discussion of feminism in Chapter 7 includes a consideration of Islam and women/feminism. I hope the coverage in the fourth edition helps students understand that recent political events should be analyzed with the depth afforded by an intellectual engagement with core disciplinary concepts.

Introduction

2

Image not available due to copyright restrictions

I N T R O D U C T I O N	ª AP Photo/Joe Giblin	3
	ª AP Photo/Joe Giblin	3

Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, President of Liberia.

ª Gail Oskin/Getty Images

Stephen Colbert’s ‘‘The Colbert Report’’ subverts conventional presentations of‘‘newsworthy’’ events.

Studying politics involves studying change—change in governments, laws, and poli-tical–social attitudes and opinions. An examination of public attitudes held by U.S. citizens 100 years ago reveals that our counterparts 100 years ago had much to worry about:

n Air pollution. Filthy air seemed an inevitable part of city living. In 1881, New York’s State Board of Health found that air quality was compromised by fumes from sulfur, kerosene, manure, ammonia, and other smells, producing ‘‘an incli- nation to vomit.’’ The term smog was coined soon after the turn of the century, in 1905.

Violence against African-Americans was widespread. Lynchings of African-Americans reached record numbers in the 1890s and declined with the turn of the century; from 1882 to 1968, however, 4,743 (of whom 3,446 were African-American) Americans were murdered by lynching.

n Family stability. In the years around 1900, approximately 20 percent of American children lived in orphanages because their parents were too poor to provide for them. In other families, children worked in factories and mines to supplement unstable family incomes. At the beginning of the twentieth century, approxi- mately one-fourth of the employees in textile mills in the southern United States were children.

6

SOURCES: Otto Bettmann, The Good Old Days—They Were Terrible (New York: Random House, 1974); Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880–1918 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983); Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, & Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap (New York: Basic Books, 1992); Benjamin Schwarz, ‘‘American Inequality: Its History and Scary Future,’’ The New York Times (19 December 1995): A19; Robert L. Zangrando, ‘‘Lynching,’’ pp. 684–686 in The Reader’s Companion to American History, eds. Eric Foner and John Garraty (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991); Frederick Lewis Allen, The Big Change, 1900–1950 (New York: Bantam, 1965), especially Chapters 1–4; Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, Baseball: An Illustrated History (New York: Knopf, 1994), p. xvii.

would tell us, has a lot to do with it. Life expectancy, access to safe water sources, and opportunities for jobs paying livable wages are all areas of our lives affected enormously by political decisions of the world’s governments, as those govern-ments make choices about how the world’s resources are to be distributed and how conflict is to be resolved. Peace, war, medicine, water, food, housing, and jobs are not phenomena over which women and men have no control. To the contrary, the world of politics consists of those governmental decisions that extend life expectancies or shorten them, enhance or reduce access to basic necessities, implement a rule of law or violate it. In other words, politics involves the choices governments and citizens (in societies in which this freedom is observed) make in shaping the process whereby medicine, water, food, housing, and jobs are made available or unavailable to the world’s people.

Artist Renee Cox has challenged political and cultural sensibilities through her art. In this photo, she is standing beside her work ‘‘Yo Mama‘s Last Supper.‘‘ Then New York City Mayor—and 2008 Republican presidential hopeful—Rudolph Giuliani responded to Cox‘s work by raising questions about the appropriateness of displaying it in a publicly funded area. By articulating such questions, Giuliani suggested that the scope of politics—and the jurisdiction of government—includes setting boundaries on creative expression.

about your days, you are immersed in politics. As the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle taught, in essence, we are political creatures, inhabiting a world of shared problems and possibilities. Indeed, Aristotle contended, to try to remove ourselves from politics would be to remove ourselves from the world of our common humanity.6
In short, as you analyze politics, you will see that politics touches everything, as political scientist Robert Dahl once suggested.7If you doubt Dahl’s point, take a moment to think of an issue or topic that seems to have nothing to do with politics—it could be art, love, emotion, or a myriad of topics seemingly personal and apolitical. If Dahl’s observations are borne out, by the end of this text you may well see politics enveloping even these aspects of your life.