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error normalised error fit statistic minexample es

Error normalised error fit statistic minexample estimate fitting model cov

Review: Normal vs Optimal Average�

X ≡1 Xi X ˆ i

2 Xii

N i i∑σ i
( )= 1

i∑1/σ i

2

Must have good error bars.�

Measuring a Feature�A = area under the curve,�
e.g. flux of the star, strength of a spectral line.�
Assume (for now) zero background.�

Model:�

How to measure A ? �
Simple method: Integrate the Data:�

A N

Xi

i=1
N

σ2A #$ %&

=

Biased if N too small.�

i=1
N Pi

Noisy if N too large.�

i=1

Can we do better? Yes, if the pattern P is known.�

2

δi j


]= Piσi )

2

ˆA =

wi Ai

= i Pi
Xi = i

i  σ i  Pi
i
i



Pi

2

i Pi
σ i 
i Var Xi [ ] (
)
= i

1

Pi

2 σ i 2

=
Pi 2 σ i 2


Sum up the data.�

=

N

N ˆ A =

2

A

Xi

i=1
N
A = A
σ2A [ ] ∑σ i
Var ˆ A [ ]
1
i=1

i=1

i Pi 2 σ i

A

Biased if N too small.� N
No bias.� N

Result improves with N.�

The “Golden Rule” of
ˆ A =

iXi Pi σ i

iPi 2 σ i 2

= 1
i Pi 2 σ i

Optimal Average is a special case of Optimal Scaling, with pattern Pi = 1.�

=Xi −µi α ( )

σ i

χ2
χ2X, σ, α ( N
N $ Xii α ( )
&
)≡ = & %

2
χmin

σ i
i=1 i=1
Best-fit parameters ˆα minimise χ2.
( BoF a.k.a. “Goodness-of-Fit” statistic ).� α ˆ α

χ2= i & Xi −µ

2
)

( '

+
*

σ i
Xi −µ
ˆX. χ2

2
σ i

ˆµ i
= =

2

=

The Optimal Average minimises χ2 !�

ˆ µ µ

Parameter Error Bar: 1-σ from χ2 Curvature�

22 1 ∂

2χ2 

(α − ˆα )2 α = ˆα
α = ˆα ±σ

χmin

α2

for

Δχ≡ χ− χmin 2 
2 1
=  σ ( )

=

2ˆ 2

∴ σα ( )= ∂2χ2
 ∂α2 
α = ˆα α ± σ( ˆ α )

Approximate for non-linear models, BoF(α) not quadratic in α.�

parameter α ?�

2 �

Scaling a Pattern by χ2 minimization�

Model: µi ≡ Xi = A Pi Badness-of-fit:

χ2= i # XiA Pi
% $
σ i

∂2χ2
A2 = +2

Pi

2

i

2
σ i

σ2 ˆ A ( ) 2 =

1

i Xi Pi = i
Pi
=

2

2 σ i

i
i
ˆ A =

2

iPi 2 /σ i 2

.

–Estimating < X > :� µiXi = µ

–Scaling a pattern:� µiXi = A Pi

i
i
i

Pi

2 /σ i 2

i Pi
Minimising χ2 gives same result:�

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