Your question:

QUESTION 5

(a) Discuss the crosstalk phenomena in physical layer.

Assignment Help Answers with Step-by-Step Explanation:

Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT): NEXT occurs when a signal transmitted on one twisted pair of a cable interferes with the signal on an adjacent twisted pair, typically at the same end of the cable. This interference can lead to errors in data transmission.

Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT): FEXT is similar to NEXT, but it occurs at the far end of the cable. It happens when the signal from one twisted pair interferes with another twisted pair's signal at the receiving end of the cable. FEXT can also cause data transmission issues.

Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cables consist of a central conductor, an insulating layer, a metallic shield, and an outer insulating layer. They are commonly used for cable television (CATV) and broadband internet connections.

Fiber Optic Cable: While not copper-based, fiber optic cables use glass or plastic fibers to transmit data using light signals. They offer high-speed and long-distance data transmission but are more expensive than copper cables.

Test Connectivity:

Use the ping command to test connectivity between PC1 and PC2. For example, on PC1, run ping PC2_IP_Address and vice versa on PC2. This will help determine if there's a basic network connectivity issue.

Physical Connection:

Inspect the physical connection, including the Ethernet cable and the port on the switch. Ensure they are functioning correctly.

Encoding is the process of converting data from one format to another for efficient transmission or storage. It doesn't necessarily involve making data secret.

Encoding methods like Base64, hexadecimal, or binary are used to represent data in a different format while preserving its integrity.

Common encryption methods include AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman), and SSL/TLS for securing data during transmission over networks.

In summary, encoding is primarily concerned with data format conversion and integrity preservation, while encryption focuses on data confidentiality and security. Both mechanisms play crucial roles in data transmission, with encryption being more focused on securing data against unauthorized access.