American entrepreneur Pierre Omidyar established eBay in 1995. The company operates on a worldwide scale and facilitates online auctions and trades. One of the first businesses to build and promote a global Web site that links buyers and sellers of goods and services was eBay. The firm is at the forefront of the e-commerce industry worldwide, and it caters to both large and small businesses. A city in California, San Jose is home to eBay's headquarters. Customers have the option of visiting either the company's international sites or participating in those hosted within their own country (Camilleri & Camilleri, 2018). The US and Canada, along with most European nations and a plethora of Asian countries, each have their own eBay website. Marketplace Libre, an e-commerce operator with similar activities, has partnered with Latin American websites to manage them. While most eBay transactions include bids, a sizeable percentage also involve fixed-price sales.

1(A)

• POLITICAL:

Since eBay works in a variety of countries and domains, the regulations and legislations in each location affect it in many ways by their own set of rules for e-commerce, payment methods, rights of customers, security of data, or cyber (Trautman, 2015). Political decisions like cross-border trade that are influenced by political connections between countries, tariffs that impose limitations on trade, or implementation of complete trade bans if ties worsen could have significant impacts on eBay's business on a global platform.

• TECHNOLOGICAL:

E-commerce Platform Innovations such as checkout methods, payment gateways, listing improvements, and consumer interaction tools, are essential for eBay. Users may be put off if fresh and effective tools aren't included. With the advent of cell phones and mobile internet access, it is critical to have a solid application for mobile devices and a smartphone-responsive infrastructure. Any advancements in mobile devices, as well as greater usage, can have a substantial influence on eBay's user interface and impact.

With the implementation of regulations About Data Protection and Privacy Laws such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the United States of America, eBay has to guarantee that the information of its customers is processed with good care and in accordance with these laws. eBay also has to follow consumer protection laws that govern customers' rights in online purchases, addressing issues such as return policy, product descriptions, resolution of disputes, and more (Mania, 2015).

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

Over 105 million clients from 37 different countries are supported by eBay, which has over 150 million active listings. As a consequence of this, eBay is the most prominent online marketplace, carrying a considerable amount of influence over other online vendors.

Business model:

There is no further expansion strategy:

On the other hand, eBay has not yet disclosed any intentions regarding how it expects to proceed with its expansion. The top management team of the company is uncertain as to whether eBay should transform into a store or offer new products and services, as well as the means by which it should accomplish this goal: by developing its own line of items or by purchasing new businesses. The consequence of this is that there is a significant level of ambiguity over the future of eBay and the path that the company will take (Cabral & Li, 2015).

There is the opportunity for eBay to capitalise on the fact that it is a store by virtue of the fact that it has access to the most popular online auction site in the world. Since the company already possesses its technology and customer relationship management (CRM) infrastructure, it is in a position to easily take market share away from Facebook and other other online merchants (Rahman, 2017).

• THREATS:

eBay’s Ansoff Matrix:

• MARKET PENETRATION:

eBay’s product development plan can help eBay make strategic investments in projects related to research and development (R&D), in order to obtain insight into evolving consumer demands. By actively participating in its New Product Development (NPD) process, the organization turns these insights into creative goods that meet changing market demands (Iqbal & Suzianti, 2021). This forward-thinking strategy not only expands eBay’s global reach, but also allows it to enter previously untouched markets. Through the successful creation and marketing of fresh goods, eBay nevertheless remains competitive but also expands its market presence, ensuring long-term relevance and growth in a constantly changing consumer landscape.

• DIVERSIFICATION:

Create a communication strategy:

Fear and uncertainty are unavoidable during a crisis. Frequent transmission of critical information can help to reduce this while also creating a sense of connectedness and consolation during stressful circumstances. Every PAO should make plans to communicate with its staff, members, volunteers, board of directors, and other key stakeholders. Staff communications should acknowledge that anxiety and concern are typical during this period, while also assisting in guaranteeing everybody has an understanding of aims and responsibilities (Mittelstadt, 2019).

Emergent strategy is a tactical paradigm established by writer Henry Mintzberg that illustrates how a business strategy evolves over time as it balances its aims with changing conditions. These techniques develop when an organization performs a set of acts in order to build a pattern for its behaviours (Payne & Frow, 2016).

eBays STEPS AND PROCESSES TO BE RECISSION READY:

• Determine which discretionary spending and costs you can minimize or postpone in order to preserve margins without jeopardizing long-term growth ambitions.

• Consider making short-term changes to your plan of action, price, or assortment to assist you ride the calamity.

• Consider modifying loans that will become due over the span of one to two years.

• Create a cushion for slumps while utilizing extra COVID-era money.

Must be taken into account. Layoffs are an undesirable, but often essential, step-in bringing costs in line with earnings amid an economic slump. When a company is overstaffed in comparison to the total amount of people needed to do the task, layoffs tend to increase effectiveness.18 Layoffs in organizations with minimal slack, on the other hand, trim bone and muscle instead of trimming fat and degrade rather than increase performance. Of course, the greatest time to build resistance is while the downturn begins. When a slump occurs, it becomes more difficult to save money, pay down debt, or dodge scams when selling assets (Vague, 2019). Directors may additionally make efforts to enhance durability in the midst of a storm, like lowering fixed expenditures, lowering rewards to preserve cash, or extending their firm to clients who are not as heavily affected as by the crisis.

IMPORTANCE OF EMERGENT STRATEGY:

Strategic management

• Define your vision

• Get down to tactics.

Decision making

• Choose from the available options.

• Take action.

In organizations, planning and decision-making are mutually reinforcing. Planning is setting goals and developing programs to achieve those goals, whereas decision-making entails making choices to put those plans into action. The quality of management and decision-making has a direct impact on an organization's success or failure. Decision-making is a continual process that necessitates aligning decision-making approaches to relevant techniques. Plans work as guidelines for acquiring resources, carrying out actions, and tracking progress toward goals (Bryson, 2018). Meta-judgments, or decisions regarding the decision-making process itself, are critical for optimizing decision-making and producing higher-quality decisions. Plan serves at the basis of management and decision-making in the public sector, with the dominance of economic thought crucial for strategic growth and optimization living standards. A systematic decision-making process can assist you in identifying prospective risks, forecasting their potential influence on organizational strategy, identifying alternatives and workarounds, and determining risk mitigation techniques. It also provides you with a thorough awareness of the risks and opportunities while making decisions (Hubbard, 2020).

INTENTED, EMERGENT AND REALISED STRATEGIES:

Emergent strategies are strategies that are carried out by detecting unanticipated consequences from the implementation of strategies and then training how to integrate such unanticipated events into future company strategies using a top-down managerial style. Planned flexibility emphasizes that organizations must continue to follow the planned (intentional) strategy regardless of modifications to the outside world. However, the government modifications, advancements in technology, and a variety of other events all have varying degrees of impact on enterprises (Rogers & Davidson,2015).

REALISED:

Out of the three distinct approaches to strategy, the classical method is the one that commands the most attention. A reasonable and methodical approach to strategy formulation, the classical method claims that the corporate environment is predictable and, as a result, creates a practical and logical approach to assist the organisation in achieving its objectives and goals (Bryson, 2018). The sole objective of the classical method is to maximise profits. The traditional technique calls for the utilisation of rational planning methodologies, such as PESTLE analysis, in order to formulate a planning strategy.

• EVALUTIONARY APPROACH:

A strategic viewpoint is the method through which the managers of an organization establish their plans for the coming years along with the objectives and goals of the company. The process involves figuring out the order that those objectives must be met so that the business can achieve its stated vision. Strategic planning normally comprises affordable to future objectives with a life time frame of somewhere between three and five years, but it can be extended. This differs from business planning, which is often concerned with short-term, tactical objectives, like how money is allocated (Kabeyi,2019). A plan of action might span a period of several months or years. Strategic learning is focused on an organization's ability to accept and comprehend information about the outside world in an evolving way, allowing the organization to modify its behaviours and direction as needed. Developing and implementing emergent strategy entails determining when and how to adjust to shifts in real-time events once the objective has been established, since it does not prevent having a defined aim, but it does allow the organization to capitalize on new opportunities by enhancing its adaptability to changing conditions (Hillmann & Guenther,2021).

CRITIQUE AND EVALUATION:

IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE:

The relevance of organizational change stems from its critical role in ensuring that firms stay dynamic and responsive to changing market trends and technology advances. Effectively directing and facilitating organizational transformation is a necessary ability in the corporate world. The modification of company culture is a critical component in the entire organizational strategy (Alvesson & Sveningsson2015). Successfully navigating this revolutionary journey requires a solid understanding, which is why organizational development comes into play. A plan of action process, which provides a roadmap, assures a planned and planned approach to change. This technique fundamentally supports the organization's intended development by developing adaptation and resilience within its culture. In the business world, understanding organizational change is critical to remaining competitive in the face of technology developments and evolving market dynamics (Tidd & Bessant, 2020). Effective supervision not only requires adjusting to changes in the external environment but also refining internal procedures for enhanced efficiency. Building a climate of innovation is critical for motivating employees to participate creatively in creating a dynamic and progressive environment. Incorporating workers with the change phase increases engagement and morale, resulting in a motivated staff. Furthermore, skilled organizational change management provides benefits such as strategy symmetry, efficient risk administration, and a customer-centric focus, which improve an organization's agility and competitiveness (Ributhi, 2020).

1. AWARNESS OF THE DESEIRE FOR CHANGE

2. DESIRE TO GET INVOLVED AND SUPPORT THE CHANGE

The ADKAR model of change management is founded on a simple principle: organizational change can only occur when individuals change (Tang,2019). Organizational reforms frequently fail because, while employees are aware that a change is taking place, they do not understand why they must comply. Sometimes leaders lack the necessary approach to engage folks and handle resistance to change. The ADKAR model solves these issues by providing leaders with the appropriate strategy, people with the essential information, and motivation to successfully navigate corporate transitions. The ADKAR Model, which is outcome-oriented, can help to facilitate change by establishing explicit milestones to be met throughout the process. Everyone involved in the transformation must achieve each goal, even if they get other objectives at various times. As an instance, a particular individual may already want to change, but another just became more conscious of the need for change. Some of the ADKAR Models are very useful in identifying resistance regions

1. Create awareness of the need to change:

Recessions, defined as two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth, can be caused by economic shocks (such as an increase in oil prices), financial panics (such as the one that before the Great Recession), rapid changes in economic expectations (the so-called "animal spirits" described by John Maynard Keynes; this is what caused the dot-com bubble to burst), or any combination of the three. During a recession, most businesses suffer, owing to lower demand (and revenue) and more uncertainty about the future. However, research demonstrates that there are strategies to lessen the impact. Due to these issues the organization must consider some factors in order to recover and stay stable during the global recession and the first steps is to Decrease their leverage before a downturn (Gertler & Gilchrist,2018). First and foremost, avoid running out of money. Because a recession typically results in decreased sales and hence less cash to sustain processes, surviving a downturn necessitates careful financial management. If Amazon hadn't raised so much money before the dot-com crisis, its possibilities would have been far more limited. rather it was able to withstand losses from acquisitions in other start-ups while simultaneously launching Amazon Marketplace, the marketplace for independent vendors, later that year. It continued to develop into new categories after as well as the recession. The second step is to look past layoffs, this is because layoffs are not only detrimental to employees, but also costly to businesses. Recruitment and instruction are expensive, so businesses prefer to be obligated to hired again when the economy recovers, especially if they believe the crisis will be temporary. Layoffs can also harm morale, reducing output at a time when businesses can least afford it (Ross,2017).

RE-EVALUATION AND RATIONALISATION:

• BUILD A PARTNERSHIP:

Managers and peers are purposeful in providing unit-specific information to employees about how the change will affect and benefit them. Direct supervisors are better suited to convey approved message that connects individuals' work to the organization's fabric and influences the overarching goal.

ADDRESING RESISTANCE TO CHANGE:

Although resistance is a natural human reaction to change, the SMT may have to minimize or mitigate a large amount of resistance by implementing effective change leadership throughout the onset of a project or endeavor. Change management is more than just a technique for managing resistance in a reactive manner. It works best as a tool for motivating and engaging personnel in a transformation. Capturing and harnessing the enthusiasm and enthusiastic feelings about a change frequently prevents resistance from developing in the first place. Participants in Prosci's Best techniques in changing situations benchmarking study reported that employing good change management techniques and principles might have prevented most of the worker resistance they encountered. The takeaway here is that if you conduct change management correctly at the initial time, you may avoid much. prevents resistance from occurring. Change management practitioners should not only use reactive tactics to manage opposition to change. Resistance prevention allows you to identify and lessen resistance early on, and it should be part of your change management strategy for enterprises and campaigns.

CONCLUSION:

To summarise, in order to successfully drive organisational transformation amid a global recession, it is necessary to have strong leadership, effective change administration using the ADKAR model, and smart financial planning. Communication, the formation of partnerships, and the provision of visible support are all extremely important roles that senior management plays. Resolving opposition in a proactive manner and merging with the culture of the organisation are both quite important. A successful adaptation and resilience to economic constraints can be ensured through the use of Key Performance Indicators, which are used to guide regular evaluation and monitoring.

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