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The Hardy-Weinberg equation is a mathematical equation that can be used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium.
It states that the amount of genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.
The Hardy-Weinberg equation is expressed as:
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
where p is the frequency of the “A” allele and q is the frequency of the “a” allele in the population. In the equation, p2 (p square) represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q2 (q square )represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa.
Also, the sum of the allele frequencies for all the alleles at the locus must be 1, so p + q = 1. If the p and q allele frequencies are known, then the frequencies of the three genotypes may be calculated using the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
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