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During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations,for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain building or social change such as emigration.
Sympatric speciation refers to the formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location.
In parapatric speciation, there is only partial separation of the zones of two diverging populations afforded by geography; individuals of each species may come in contact or cross habitats from time to time, but reduced fitness of the heterozygote leads to selection for behaviours or mechanisms that prevent their inter-breeding
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